定语从句
定语从句可以使语言更加丰富、紧凑,同时能够精确地表达我们的意思。
要想理解定语从句,先要把“什么是定语”这个问题搞明白。
定语
定语,是指语法中用来修饰名词或代词的成分,目的是限定或描述这些名词或代词的属性、特征或状态。
在句子中,定语通常用来提供额外的信息,以便更准确地理解名词或代词所指的事物。
在中文中,定语可以通过形容词、形容词性成语、介词短语等形式来表达。例如,在句子“红色的话”中,“红色的”就是一个定语,它修饰了名词“花”,表示这朵花是红色的。
定语在句子结构中的位置通常是在名词或代词之前,起到补充说明或限定的作用。
定语从句
在英语中,一个句子跟在一个名词或代词后进行补充、修饰、限定,就叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,定语从句不同于单词做定语的情况,它通常只能放在被修饰的词(即先行词)之后。
定语从句由关系词引导,而关系词包括:关系代词、关系副词,并且关系代词、关系副词位于定语从句句首。
关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词引导的定语从句中,关系代词所代替的先行词是名词或代词,并在从句充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的人称和单复数要和先行词保持一致。
关系代词在定语从句中做宾语时,可省略。
作主语 | 作宾语 | 作定语 | |
---|---|---|---|
指人 | who/that | whom/that | whose |
指物 | which/that | which/that | whose |
指人或物 | that | that | whose |
例句
Is he the man who wants to see you?
He is the man (whom) I saw yesterday.
The man (whom) you spoke to just now is our English teacher.
A child whose parents are dead is called an orphan.
He lives in a room whose window faces south.
This is the book (which) you want.
只可用 that 的六种特殊情况
- 先行词为不定代词(例如:anything、nothing、everything、all、any 等)时:
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.
- 先行词被 the only、the very、the just 修饰时:
He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.
- 先行词被序数词、数词、形容词或最高级修饰时:
The first English book that I read was "The Prince and the Pauper" by Mark Twain.
- 先行词即有人又有物时:
He talked about the teachers and school that he visited.
- 当主句是以 who 或 which 开头的特殊疑问句时,为避免重复用 that:
Who is the person that is standing at the gate?
- 关系代词作表语时:
He is not the man that he used to be.
关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词是什么呢?关系副词 = 介词 + 关系代词,例如:
why = for which
when = during/on/in/at which
where = in/at/on/to which
- 关系副词 why 用于修饰表原因的名词,同时它在定语从句中作原因状语
- 关系副词 when 用于修饰表时间的名词,同时它在定语从句中作时间状语
- 关系副词 where 用于修饰表地点的名词,同时它在定语从句中作地点状语
例句
By the time when you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two weeks.
I still remeber the place where I met her for the first time.
Each time when he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities,
such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc.
We don't know the reason why he didn't show up.
She didn't tell me the reason why she refused the offer.
That' one of the reasons why I asked you to come.
The main reason why he lost his job was that he drank.
There comes a time when you have to make a choice.
This is the village where he was born.
That's the hotel where we were staying last summer.
限定性定语从句 & 非限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句
限定性定语从句对先行词进行限定,它提供了必不可缺的信息,没有这个从句,主句的意思就不完整。
限定性定语从句通常不用逗号与主句隔开。
例句
The book that is on the table is mine.
The person who called you is waiting outside.
非限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句为先行词提供额外的信息,但即使去掉这个从句,主句的意思仍然清晰。
非限定性定语从句通常用逗号与主句隔开。
非限定性定语从句可将整个主句作为先行词,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
My sister, who is a doctor, lives in New York.
The Eiffel Tower, which is in Paris, is a famous landmark.
They are good at teamwork, which makes them successful in their projects.